The United States appears to be at the midpoint of an economic cycle that should continue to see growth even as the Federal Reserve raises interest rates to bring inflation under control, National Retail Federation (NRF) Chief Economist Jack Kleinhenz said today.
“The maturing economy remains in growth mode and there is good reason to expect it will soon approach normal trends,” Kleinhenz said. “Despite ongoing challenges, we are clearly still in an expansion phase. The question is how long it will last as policymakers strike a delicate balance between encouraging growth and taming inflation.
“It is not clear how federal policy will develop, and there will be indigestion as we adjust to new policies.” Nonetheless, both households and businesses are “in good financial shape,” COVID-19 is having less of an impact on economic activity, “and there is plenty of room to raise rates without threatening the economy,” he said.
Kleinhenz’s remarks are in the February issue of the NRF’s Monthly Economic Review, which said the economy “is running hotter than it has in a long time” despite the end of federal intervention like stimulus checks and expanded unemployment benefits. The economy “is sturdy enough to stand on its own and can sustain itself toward a growth environment without the pandemic stimulus and monetary policies of the past two years,” the report said.
Gross domestic product was up 5.7 percent in 2021 from 2020—the fastest growth for any calendar year since 1984—and household spending continued to grow in the fourth quarter, though not as quickly as earlier in the year. Kleinhenz expects GDP to grow between 3 and 4 percent in 2022, still faster than the 2.3 percent annual pace during the 2009-2020 expansion that was ended by the pandemic.
The rapid increase in economic growth has come amid the highest inflation in nearly 40 years, with the Consumer Price Index up 7 percent year-over-year as of December, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In response, the Federal Reserve said last week “it will soon be appropriate” to raise interest rates to tighten the availability of credit and help bring inflation under control. Rate hikes will make mortgages, car loans, and other credit more expensive, but “households are poised to spend” anyway, partly because of savings accumulated during the pandemic, Kleinhenz said.
The recovery follows the brief but intense recession seen in early 2020, which the National Bureau of Economic Research said lasted only from February to April and was the shortest in US history. Kleinhenz said the “quick, deep decline” followed by a “fast, steep recovery” amounted to an economic “mini-cycle” in sharp contrast to normal economic cycles that have averaged about five-and-a-half years of gradual shifts from expansion to recession and back since the end of World War II.
Understanding economic cycles is important as policymakers consider appropriate policy moves.
“The key to extending the expansion is to balance growth, inflation, and interest rates,” Kleinhenz said. “Clearly, this expansion is different from the past, and the policy approach will be different.”