In Part 1 of this series, we explored the humble beginnings of department stores, supermarkets, and the first use of a bar code in a physical store. In Part 2, we expanded our innovation journey to discover the evolution and success of e-commerce, smartphones, and robots.
Part 3 focuses on technologies that were originally invented to secure profit (cash register), property and high-risk areas (CCTV cameras), and consumer products (electronic article surveillance or EAS).
Many of these originally envisioned security technologies transitioned into powerful data collection tools that optimize and increase the profitability of store operations. It is a great pleasure in one of my current roles to be working on the next generations of most of the solutions in this series.
First Use of a Cash Register
It might be surprising, but the original purpose of the cash register was to stop theft. The inventor was James Ritty, a saloonkeeper in Dayton, Ohio. 
Watching his employees in 1879 taking cash from patrons, Ritty began to wonder how they separated what belonged to the business versus what they were potentially stealing for their own profits. Having observed counters on a steamship that kept track of the number of propeller revolutions, he patented the first cash register with the help of his brother in 1883.
John H. Patterson, a storekeeper, bought the rights to Ritty’s patent for $6,500 in 1884 and founded the National Cash Register (NCR) company. His interest in the technology was sparked by losses from one of his oldest retail clerks, who was favoring friends by selling goods below regular prices.
Patterson was also a master salesman, and to NCR he brought highly professional sales training (later even adopted by IBM) that included loss prevention concepts that are still in use today. 
Foremost in the selling process of the cash register was the theft triangle which focused at the balance of risk, opportunity, and need/rationalization. The cash register decreased the opportunity to steal by accurately counting transactions and the loud noise (by design and later with a bell) that it made during a transaction increased the risk of getting caught.
In 1973, IBM developed the first computer-powered cash register. It was also the first networked POS solution allowing for the consolidation of data from 128 cash registers.
Later decades introduced touchscreens, customized variations in industries such as fast food, and by the early 2000s cloud POS made an appearance. Today you can check out on your smartphones in multiple retailers, but the ultimate evolution of the cash register was delivered by Amazon when it opened its first fully automated checkout store to the public in 2018.
Over 40 Amazon Go stores are now open in the United States and the United Kingdom.
First Use of CCTV Cameras
The first recorded use of CCTV technology was in Germany in 1942. The system was designed by the engineer Walter Bruch and was set up for the monitoring of V-2 rockets, the world’s first long-range ballistic missiles that were launched from mobile platforms during World War II. The German military used the cameras to observe rocket launches from inside a bunker at a safe distance.
Commercial usage of CCTV cameras for basic live public and home security monitoring emerged in 1949. In 1953, CCTV systems were used during the crowning of Queen Elisabeth II in the United Kingdom.
Cameras also started appearing on the streets of London and New York during this time. London is now the second most surveilled city in the world with 1,138.48 cameras per square mile.
Fast forward 72 years since they first appeared in 2021, when the world crossed over 1 billion CCTV cameras installed worldwide.
Through computer vision, the CCTV camera has become one of the most powerful data collection and solution execution solutions.
First Use of Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
EAS had its origin in 1964 when Ron Assaf (later the founder of Sensormatic), a store manager in Ohio, became frustrated with the ongoing problem of shoplifting. The idea of a technology to address it was sparked by the unsuccessful—or one might say cautious—chase of a shoplifter of spirits. With the aid of his cousin, weeks later the first cardboard mockup of a tag that alarmed was brought to the store.
Two years later, the official honor of inventing EAS security tags actually went to Arthur J. Minasy. Manasy’s system was based on radio frequency (RF) technology and became the basis for his company Knogo. By the end of that year, security tags were widely marketed to retailers.”
On multiple levels, EAS was really the first item-level technology applied to consumer products. As with CCTV video, it was a foundational technology whose evolution to greater intelligence still continues today. Billions of EAS tags continue to be applied worldwide.
We come full circle here, for at the core of the success of EAS is the theft triangle first introduced with the cash register. People will steal consumer items if the opportunity is available and if they rationalize they need it. That EAS alarm at the exit through multiple variations of EAS technologies increases the risk that you will get caught.
Read the full article on the author’s website.
